Emocja jako cecha. Identyfikacja i walidacja pięcioczynnikowego modelu dyspozycji afektywnych

Autorzy

Krystian Hartmann
Uniwersytet Pedagogiczny im. Komisji Edukacji Narodowej w Krakowie
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9130-2287

Słowa kluczowe:

emocje, cechy emocjonalne, dyspozycje afektywny, model WHEND, Kwestionariusz Cech Emocjonalnych, różnice indywidualne, badania psycholeksykalne

Streszczenie

Psychologia od dawna zmaga się z wyzwaniem określenia natury trwałych dyspozycji emocjonalnych oraz ich pomiaru i klasyfikacji. Sytuacji tej nie ułatwia brak konsensusu co do tego, czy emocje mogą być rozpatrywane analogicznie do cech osobowości – jako względnie trwałe dyspozycje do przeżywania określonych emocji – oraz czy cechy emocjonalne stanowią konstrukt tożsamy z osobowością czy też nie. W prezentowanych badaniach za punkt wyjścia przyjęto założenie, iż podobnie jak w przypadku cech osobowości, struktura cech emocjonalnych może zostać odkryta poprzez analizę języka naturalnego. Na tym fundamencie zaproponowano wykorzystanie podejścia leksykalnego jako drogi do identyfikacji podstawowych wymiarów trwałych dyspozycji afektywnych.

Cały program badawczy zrealizowany w trzech głównych etapach. na które składało się 5 niezależnych badań, prowadził od eksploracji struktury deskryptorów emocji przez konstrukcję i optymalizację modelu teoretycznego wraz z jego operacjonalizacją do walidacji psychometrycznej z uwzględnieniem trafności zbieżnej i różnicowej. Etap I miał za zadanie wyłonić strukturę czynnikową z 322 deskryptorów emocji poprzez analizę głównych składowych. Analiza ta doprowadziła do identyfikacji 8 czynników: Równowaga Emocjonalna, Emocjonalne Uniesienie, Niepokój, Gniew, Strach, Załamanie, Wzgarda i Znużenie. Struktura ta została następnie zwalidowana poprzez korelacje z ugruntowanymi miarami afektu, emocji podstawowych, inteligencji emocjonalnej oraz modelami osobowości. Etap II, za sprawą badania 2, wprowadził kluczowe rozróżnienie metodologiczne poprzez selekcję deskryptorów specyficznych – czyli takich, które w sposób „czysty” reprezentują pojedynczy czynnik. Na podstawie tej procedury skonstruowano wstępne skale pomiarowe, które w badaniu 3 poddano analizie psychometrycznej i ocenie stabilności czasowej. Wykazano zadowalającą rzetelność większości skal oraz ich stabilność w pomiarze test–retest z 3-miesięcznym okresem pomiędzy pomiarami.

Badanie 3 stanowiło pierwsze z serii badań wykonanych na trzecim etapie postępowania badawczego, a jego celem nadrzędnym było opracowanie modelu teoretycznego cech emocjonalnych wraz z operacjonalizacją. Badanie 4, przeprowadzone na rozszerzonej puli pozycji testowych, doprowadziło do wyłonienia modelu 5-czynnikowego WHEND: Wycofanie Emocjonalne, Hiperczujność Lękowa, Życiowa Ekscytacja, Dezadaptacyjna Nieśmiałość i Dysregulacja Gniewu. Model ten integruje perspektywę deficytów emocjonalnych z perspektywą emocjonalnych zasobów. Badanie 5 stanowiło zwieńczenie etapu III i zawiera kompleksową walidację 30-elementowego Kwestionariusza Cech Emocjonalnych. Konfirmacyjna analiza czynnikowa potwierdziła 5-czynnikową strukturę z akceptowalnym dopasowaniem a wszystkie skale wykazały wysoką rzetelność. Trafność konstruktu została potwierdzona poprzez oczekiwane wzorce korelacji z modelami osobowości, inteligencją emocjonalną rozumianą jako zdolność oraz jako cecha, częstością doświadczania emocji podstawowych, specyficznym jakościowo afektem, złością rozumianą jako cecha i stylami jej ekspresji oraz metapoznaniem.

            Uzyskane wyniki dostarczają argumentów za konceptualnym i empirycznym rozróżnieniem między cechami emocjonalnymi a klasycznymi wymiarami osobowości. Wyjątek stanowił neurotyzm, który wykazał bardzo wysoką korelację z Hiperczujnością Lękową. Większość związków była słaba lub umiarkowana. wskazująca na komplementarność, ale nie redundancję konstruktów. Wyniki przeprowadzonych badań przyniosły odpowiedź na temat struktury cech emocjonalnych oraz dostarczyły rzetelnego i trafnego narzędzia do ich pomiaru. Model WHEND może służyć zarówno jako podstawa do dalszych badań nad indywidualnymi różnicami w dyspozycjach emocjonalnych, jak i jako potencjalne narzędzie w diagnostyce klinicznej, umożliwiające jednoczesną ocenę obszarów ryzyka i zasobów emocjonalnych jednostki.

Biogram autora

Krystian Hartmann - Uniwersytet Pedagogiczny im. Komisji Edukacji Narodowej w Krakowie

Doktor nauk społecznych w zakresie psychologii specjalizujący się w psychologii emocji, badaniach psycholeksykalnych oraz psychometrii. Kierownik grantu Narodowego Centrum Nauki pt. “Kryteria definicyjne a leksykalna taksonomia emocji”. Autor wielu artykułów naukowych w prestiżowych, międzynarodowych czasopismach, takich jak Scientific Reports, Journal of Research in Personality, Theory & Psychology, Journal of Personality Assessment czy International Journal of Psychology.

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Krystian Hartmann, Emocja jako cecha. Identyfikacja i walidacja pięcioczynnikowego modelu dyspozycji afektywnych

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