Taksonomia psycholeksykalna emocji

Autorzy

Krystian Hartmann
Uniwersytet Pedagogiczny im. Komisji Edukacji Narodowej w Krakowie
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9130-2287

Słowa kluczowe:

emocje, osobowość, definicja emocji, struktura czynnikowa, klasyfikacja, taksonomia psycholeksykalna, podejście psycholeksykalne, leksykon emocji

Streszczenie

Psychologowie od wielu lat dokładają starań, aby możliwie jednoznacznie wyznaczyć zakres pojęcia „emocja”. W literaturze zaobserwować można zarówno tendencję do synonimicznego używania takich określeń jak „afekt”, „emocja”, „uczucie” czy „nastrój”, jak i próby postawienia pomiędzy nimi jak najwyraźniejszej granicy. Sytuacji tej nie ułatwia dodatkowa trudność, z jaką mierzą się psychologowie emocji: mnogość definicji tego terminu oraz ich wzajemne przenikanie się i/lub wykluczanie. W pierwszej części monografii podjęto próbę usystematyzowania bieżącej wiedzy na temat emocji z punktu widzenia historii psychologii oraz różnych ujęć teoretycznych, a także przedstawiono propozycję jej wieloaspektowej definicji.

Brak zgody w zakresie definicji emocji przekłada się na trudności w klasyfikacji jej samej. Trudno bowiem osiągnąć konsensus taksonomiczny, jeśli – w zależności od ujęcia teoretycznego – w różny sposób rozumie się emocje. W prezentowanych w niniejszej monografii badaniach własnych za punkt wyjścia przyjęto autorską definicję oraz wyłoniony podczas jej tworzenia zbiór atrybutów kryterialnych emocji. Na tym fundamencie zaproponowano wykorzystanie podejścia leksykalnego jako możliwą drogę do osiągnięcia klasyfikacyjnego porozumienia. Taki cel został osiągnięty już w psychologii osobowości, która borykała się w przeszłości z podobną trudnością w zakresie struktury cech. Zgodnie z założeniem leksykalnym wszystkie najważniejsze różnice indywidualne (a tak możemy traktować również emocje), które są istotne z punktu widzenia użytkowników wybranego języka, zostały w nim zakodowane. Założenie leksykalne cieszy się szczególną popularnością w psychologii osobowości, jednak ze swej natury jest bardziej uniwersalne i dotyczy wszystkich różnic indywidualnych. Dlatego też wykorzystywane było już poza psychologią osobowości, m.in. w taksonomii światopoglądu czy wyglądu zewnętrznego.

Badania własne zostały zrealizowane w dwóch etapach, zgodnie z typową procedurą badań psycholeksykalnych. Pierwszy etap miał za zadanie stworzyć możliwie pełen zbiór słów opisujących stany, które można nazwać emocją zgodnie z wyłonionymi na podstawie literatury jej atrybutami kryterialnymi. W tym celu wykorzystano już preselekcjonowaną listę 322 emocji, sporządzoną zgodnie z podejściem leksykalnym, która została wybrana ze słownika języka polskiego na podstawie ocen ośmiu sędziów o wykształceniu psychologicznym, zgodnie z definicją o bardzo ogólnym charakterze – nazywaną w kontekście prezentowanych w niniejszej monografii badań własnych listą nierestrykcyjną. Na jej podstawie grupa siedmiu przeszkolonych sędziów wyłoniła 167 deskryptorów opisujących stany spełniające łącznie wszystkie osiem kryteriów teoretycznych – jest to lista uznana za restrykcyjną i przyjęta w badaniach własnych za punkt wyjścia dla badań ilościowych.

Badania ilościowe zostały przeprowadzone na grupie 1226 osób. Część z nich (N = 635) wypełniła badania samoopisowe, a część (N = 591) badania z perspektywy opisu emocji postrzeganych przez nich u innych. W drugiej grupie kontrolowano dodatkowo stosunek do osoby opisywanej (pozytywny, neutralny lub negatywny). Badania doprowadziły do wyłonienia optymalnej struktury leksykalnej dla obu perspektyw na podstawie danych rotowanych (Equamax) i wystandaryzowanych w ramach osoby (ipsatyzowanych). W obu perspektywach ukazano strukturę w formie hierarchicznej, od rozwiązania 1-czynnikowego do rozwiązania 10-czynnikowego w samoopisie oraz do 9-czynnikowego w opisie innych. Zarówno w samoopisie, jak i opisie innych za optymalną uznano strukturę 9-czynnikową, lecz występowały pomiędzy nimi istotne różnice ilościowe oraz jakościowe. W perspektywie samoopisowej wyraźniej zaakcentowane zostały te deskryptory emocji, które opisują stany wymagające wyższego poziomu introspekcji. Natomiast perspektywa opisu innych akcentuje emocje pełniące role w budowaniu relacji społecznych oraz te, których doświadczanie jest łatwiej obserwowalne. Ponadto z wyłonionej struktury leksykalnej wyodrębniono deskryptory specyficzne dla każdego czynnika i na ich podstawie zaproponowano klasyfikację emocji wraz z narzędziem służącym do ich pomiaru o zadowalających właściwościach psychometrycznych.

Uzyskana struktura leksykalna została zestawiona z klasyfikacjami emocji, uczuć, nastroju i afektu oraz z leksykalnymi strukturami cech osobowości i z niektórymi z nich wykazała zbieżność. Relacja ta jest jednak dynamiczna i zależna od stopnia szczegółowości każdej z nich. W badaniach widoczny jest także m.in. związek wybranych czynników z pobudzeniem energetycznym czy pobudzeniem napięciowym. Ponadto potwierdzone zostało zobrazowane w literaturze współwystępowanie neurotyczności z emocjami nieprzyjemnymi oraz ekstrawersji z emocjami przyjemnymi. Nie zaobserwowano natomiast relacji uzyskanej struktury z sumiennością i intelektem.

Wyniki przeprowadzonych badań przyniosły odpowiedź na temat struktury leksykalnej emocji języka polskiego oraz stanowią przykład zastosowania podejścia leksykalnego w innym obszarze różnic indywidualnych, niż miało to miejsce do tej pory. Co więcej, mogą one służyć zarówno za podstawę do przeprowadzenia międzyjęzykowych badań nad strukturą emocji z wykorzystaniem metody psycholeksykalnej – odpowiadając na pytanie zarówno o jej uniwersalność bądź specyficzność kulturową – jak i do wygenerowania nowej, alternatywnej wobec dotychczasowych, taksonomii emocji.

Biogram autora

Krystian Hartmann - Uniwersytet Pedagogiczny im. Komisji Edukacji Narodowej w Krakowie

Doktor nauk społecznych w zakresie psychologii specjalizujący się w psychologii emocji, badaniach psycholeksykalnych oraz psychometrii. Kierownik grantu Narodowego Centrum Nauki pt. “Kryteria definicyjne a leksykalna taksonomia emocji”. Autor wielu artykułów naukowych w prestiżowych, międzynarodowych czasopismach, takich jak Scientific Reports, Journal of Research in Personality, Theory & Psychology, Journal of Personality Assessment czy International Journal of Psychology.

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