War refugees from Ukraine – their lives in Poland and plans for the future

Authors

Piotr Długosz
Uniwersytet Pedagogiczny w Krakowie
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4875-2039
Liudmyla Kryvachuk
Uniwersytet Pedagogiczny w Krakowie
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3083-4781
Dominika Izdebska-Długosz
Uniwersytet Jagielloński w Krakowie
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1603-8604

Keywords:

Ukrainians, war refugees, adaptation, integration, war trauma, on-line survey, Poland

Synopsis

The war in Ukraine, started by the invasion of the Russian aggressor, has forced approximately 7 millions of Ukrainians to flee their country. This is the world’s worst migration crisis observed in the recent years. The vast majority of Ukrainians escaping from the war have come to Poland. In this regard, survey research aiming at determining the exact situation of the refugees was carried out. The aim of the research was to answer the questions regarding the refugees: Who are they in socio-demographic terms? How are they adapting to the Polish reality? What is their mental health and what are their plans for the future? In order to achieve these aims and arrive at the answers, the CAWI on-line survey method was used. The research sample was selected using purposive sampling. A total of 737 correctly filled out questionnaires were qualified for the study. The results of the research indicate that the refugees who arrived in Poland are mainly middle class consisting of well-educated women and their children who used to live in Ukrainian cities and evaluate their financial situation as good. They came to Poland due to the fact that they have had friends in Poland and that Poland seems to be similar to Ukraine in terms of language and culture. The refugees most often lodge in apartments, houses which they rent independently or houses for which the rent is paid by other people. 17% of the respondents have found shelter with Polish families. Not many refugees live in collective accommodation facilities. The refugees highly evaluate the aid received from Poles. The volunteers at border crossings as well as Polish uniformed services scored the highest. The majority of Ukrainians do not speak Polish, but they have either started learning it or intend to take up Polish lessons. One third of the respondents work remotely in Ukraine. Approximately 20% of the respondents have found jobs in Poland, and three quarters of the respondents would like to find a job in the future. The majority of the refugees have registered in the PESEL database. Almost half of the refugee children participate in on-line lessons in Ukrainian schools. Half of the refugees have sent their children to Polish schools. Three quarters of the respondents have experienced war trauma, which was measured with the use of the RHS-15 scale. Almost three quarters of the respondents display high levels of stress. A half of the surveyed refugees intend to return to their homes in Ukraine.

Author Biographies

Piotr Długosz, Uniwersytet Pedagogiczny w Krakowie

Doctor Habilitatus of Social Sciences in the field of sociology. Head of the Department of Social Research Methodology and Director of the Centre for Youth Research at the Pedagogical University of Kraków. Author of seven books and approximately 150 publications in national and international journals. Director of two international research grants awarded by the Polish National Agency for Academic Exchange and the Visegrad Grants devoted to the effects of distance education among students. Founder of the Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Research in War in Ukraine.

Liudmyla Kryvachuk, Uniwersytet Pedagogiczny w Krakowie

Doctor of Science in Public Administration, Associate Professor, Head of the Department of Social Policy and Social Problems of the Pedagogical University of Cracow. Education and training: obtaining the academic degree of habilitated doctor in the discipline of politics and administration, habilitation (2016, Jagiellonian University, Poland); obtaining the postdoctoral degree in social sciences in the discipline of public administration, habilitation thesis: “Formation and implementation of public policy in the field of protection of childhood in Ukraine”, Doctor of Science in Public Administration, Associate Professor (2014, Ukraine); obtaining the doctoral degree in social sciences in the discipline of public administration, doctoral thesis: “implementation of the state youth policy on juvenile issues in Ukraine (public administration aspect)”, PhD,  (2004, Ukraine). Specialization scientific: public policy, social policy, public policy of child protection, social work, social services. Author of many publications (monographs, articles) in the field of social policy and social work, and the public policy of protecting children's rights. Organizer and initiator of the International Summer Schools of “Innovation in Social Policy”, many scientific conferences. Expression of scientific awards: Award of the Minister of Finance of Ukraine for scientific achievements (2009),  Laureate of the Award of the Lviv Regional Council and the Lviv County Administration for famous scientists and outstanding specialists (2012).

Dominika Izdebska-Długosz, Uniwersytet Jagielloński w Krakowie

Assistant professor at the Centre for Polish Language and Culture in the World at the Jagiellonian University, graduate of Polish Studies at the Jagiellonian University (2002). Doctor of Humanities in the field of linguistics (University of Rzeszów, 2018). For 20 years she has been teaching Polish as a Foreign Language, specializing in East Slavic groups. 

Author of two monographs: „Być nauczycielem polonistą – z przeszłością ku przyszłości. Rozważania pedeutologiczne”(Lwów 2017), „Błędy gramatyczne w polszczyźnie studentów ukraińskojęzycznych”, (Kraków 2021); podręczników dla uczących się ze Wschodu: „Po polsku bez błędu. Zbiór ćwiczeń z gramatyki języka polskiego dla studentów ukraińskojęzycznych (A1–B1)” (Rzeszów 2017), „Polski dla nas 1: Польский для нас 1. Deklinacja i składnia kontrastywnie dla Słowian wschodnich (A2-B2) (Kraków 2021) and numerous articles on teaching Polish to speakers of East Slavic languages as well as articles on sociology of migration. She conducts research into the Polish-Ukrainian interlanguage.

Since 2019 she has been a coordinator of the Network of cooperation and self-teaching at the Specialist Psychological and Pedagogical Counselling Centre for Children with Educational Failures in Kraków, dedicated to teachers working with children with migration and multicultural experience as well as teachers of Polish as a foreign/second language.

Research interests: interference in Slavic languages, comparative studies in teaching Polish to speakers of East Slavic languages, studies into interlanguage.

Member of the “Bristol” Association of Polish and Foreign Teachers of Polish Culture and Language, the Polish Association of Modern Languages, and the Polish Linguistic Society.

References

Attitudes and Assessments of Ukrainian Refugees Who Return Home (April–May, 2022). (2022). Razumkov Centre. https://razumkov.org.ua/en/sociology/press-releases/attitudes-and-assessmentsof-ukrainian-refugees-who-return-home-april-may-2022 (26.05.2022).

Babbie, E. (2003). Badania społeczne w praktyce. Warszawa: PWN.

Badanie: prawie połowa uchodźców w Polsce chce wrócić na Ukrainę, 17 proc. planuje pozostać. (2022). Nauka w Polsce. https://naukawpolsce.pl/aktualnosci/news%2C92570%2Cbadanieprawie-polowa-uchodzcow-w-polsce-chce-wrocic-na-ukraine-17-proc (10.06.2022).

Batorski, D., Olcoń-Kubicka, M. (2006). Prowadzenie badań przez internet – podstawowe zagadnienia metodologiczne. Studia Socjologiczne, 3, 99–132.

Coraz więcej obywateli Ukrainy znajduje pracę w Polsce. (2022). MRiPS. https://www.gov.pl/web/rodzina/coraz-wiecej-obywateliukrainy-znajduje-prace-w-polsce (1.06.2022).

Czapiński, J., Panek, T. (red.). (2015). Diagnoza Społeczna. Pobrane z: http://www.diagnoza.com/ (12.06.2022).

Długosz, P. (2021). Trauma pandemii COVID-19 w polskim społeczeństwie. Warszawa: CeDeWu.

Hollifield, M., Verbillis-Kolp, S., Farmer, B., Toolson, E.C., Woldehaimanot, T., Yamazaki, J., Holland, A., St. Clair, J., SooHoo, J. (2013 Mar-Apr). The Refugee Health Screener-15 (RHS-15): development and validation of an instrument for anxiety, depression, and PTSD in refugees. Gen Hosp Psychiatry, 35(2), 202–9. DOI: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2012.12.002. Epub 2013 Jan 22. PMID: 23347455.

Media: Oligarchowie opuszczają Ukrainę prywatnymi samolotami. (2022). Dziennik Gazeta Prawna. https://www.gazetaprawna.pl/wiadomosci/swiat/artykuly/8355910,ukraina-oligarchowiesamoloty-achmetow-abramowycz-pinczuk.html (22.05.2022).

Nawet milion uchodźców. Polska przygotowuje się na przyjęcie Ukraińców uciekających przed wojną. (2022). Polskie Radio 24.PL. https://polskieradio24.pl/5/1222/Artykul/2892340,Nawetmilion-uchodzcow-Polska-przygotowuje-sie-na-przyjecie-Ukraincow-uciekajacych-przed-wojna (23.05.2022).

Nowosielska, P., Otto-Duszczyk, P. (2022). Dla uchodźców z Ukrainy Polska to plan B, wdrożony na czas wojny. Dziennik Gazeta Prawna. https://www.gazetaprawna.pl/wiadomosci/kraj/artykuly/8419234,uchodzcy-z-ukrainy-polska-plan-b-naprzeczekanie-rynek-pracy.html (10.06.2022).

Plewko, J. (2010). Warunki integracji imigrantów ze społeczeństwem przyjmującym w wybranych krajach Unii Europejskiej. Roczniki Nauk Społecznych, 2(38), 157–180.

Polska podjęła działania na wypadek wojny na Ukrainie. Samorządowcy dostali zadanie!. (2022). Fakt. https://www.fakt.pl/polityka/napiecie-na-ukrainie-polska-przygotowuje-sie-na-przyjazduchodzcow/qgzdb8c (23.05.2022).

Raport o uchodźcach z Ukrainy w największych polskich miastach. (2022). Centrum Analiz i Badań UMP. https://metropolie.pl/artykul/miejska-goscinnosc-wielki-wzrost-wyzwania-i-szanseraport-o-uchodzcach-z-ukrainy-w-najwiekszych-polskichmiastach (25.05.2022).

Raport specjalny. Uchodźcy z Ukrainy w Polsce. (2022). EWL, Studium Europy Wschodniej. Pobrane z: https://studium.uw.edu.pl/raport-specjalny-uchodzcy-z-ukrainy-w-polsce/ (25.05.2022).

Rząd przyjął nowelizację ustawy o pomocy obywatelom Ukrainy – konferencja z udziałem wiceministra Pawła Szefernakera. (2022). MSWiA. https://www.gov.pl/web/mswia/rzadprzyjal-nowelizacje-ustawy-o-pomocy-obywatelom-ukrainy---konferencja-z-udzialem-wiceministra-pawla-szefernakera (03.06.2022).

Straż Graniczna [@Straz_Graniczna]. (2022, maj 28). Pomagamy [Tweet]. Twitter. Pobrane z: https://twitter.com/Straz_Graniczna/status/1530431490584203264?ref_

Szamański, K. (2022). PESEL dla uchodźców z Ukrainy. Jak go wyrobić i do czego jest niezbędny?. https://www.totalmoney.pl/artykuly/pesel-dla-uchodzcow-z-ukrainy-jak-go-wyrobic-i-do-czegojest-niezbedny (03.06.2022).

Sztompka, P. (2000). Trauma wielkiej zmiany. Społeczne koszty transformacji. Warszawa: PAN ISP.

Ukraine Refugee Situation. (b.d.). Portal Danych Operacyjnych. https://data.unhcr.org/en/situations/ukraine (25.05.2022).

Ukraine Situation: Refugees from Ukraine across Europe – 2022-05-19. (2022). Portal Danych Operacyjnych. Pobrane z: https://data.unhcr.org/en/documents/details/92974 (27.05.2022).

War trauma among Ukrainian refugees and its psychosocial conditioning. (b.d.) ResearchGate. Pobrane z: https://www.researchgate.net/project/War-trauma-among-Ukrainian-refugees-andits-psychosocial-conditioning (13.06.2022).

Wołodko, M. (2022). 100 dni wojny w Ukrainie, 100 dni pomocy z Wrocławia. Kim są uchodźcy we Wrocławiu? Wrocław.pl. https://www.wroclaw.pl/dla-mieszkanca/sto-dni-wojny-na-ukrainie--kim-sa-uchodzcy (26.05.2022).

Wpływ uchodźców z Ukrainy na polską gospodarkę. (2022). ARC Rynek i Opinia. https://arc.com.pl/wplyw-uchodzcow-z-ukrainy-na--polska-gospodarke/ (26.05.2022).

Żółciak, T., Osiecki, G. (2022). 7 procent dzieci i młodzieży w Polsce pochodzi z Ukrainy. Demograficzny portret uchodźców. Dziennik Gazeta Prawna. https://www.gazetaprawna.pl/wiadomosci/kraj/artykuly/8420789,ukraincy-w-polsce-demografiadzieci-i-mlodziez.html?fbclid=IwAR10cqDjkcp1CpHstwhYMe-kqwzCSrJkyyAhgu9Bf2DiPajOD_N_SDt2Xc4 (25.05.2022).

Львівщина в умовах війни: погляди мешканців міст тапереселенців (13–23 травня 2022). (2022). Рейтинг. https://ratinggroup.ua/research/regions/lvovschina_v_usloviyah_voyny_vzglyady_zhiteley_gorodov_i_pereselencev_13-23_maya_2022.html (1.06.2022).

Настрої та оцінки українських біженців, що повертаються на Батьківщину (квітень–травень 2022р.). (2022). Разумков Центр. https://razumkov.org.ua/napriamky/sotsiologichni--doslidzhennia/nastroi-ta-otsinky-ukrainskykh-bizhentsivshcho-povertaiutsia-na-batkivshchynu (10.06.2022).

УКРАЇНЦІ ТА ВІЙНА. (2022). RFQ@RESEARCH.UA. Pobrane z: https://i-soc.com.ua/assets/files/news/2022/zvit_170422.pdf (26.05.2022).

Downloads

Published

July 1, 2022

Categories

Details about this monograph

Co-publisher's ISBN-13 (24)

978-83-62475-97-1

Date of first publication (11)

2022-07-01