Moral Intuitions. On the Cognition of Good and Evil

Authors

Artur Szutta
Uniwersytet Gdański
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1062-4808

Keywords:

moral intuitions, ethical intuitionism, moral perception, reflective equilibrium, intellectual virtues, virtue, emotions, epistemology, ethics, cognition, intuition

Synopsis

The work focuses on the issue of moral intuitions and their ability to justify our moral beliefs. It consists of seven chapters. Chapter one presents a historical outline of intuitionistic theories in ethics, with the main emphasis put on the British intuitionists from the 16th to the first half of the 20th century. The chapter ends by presenting the main objections put forward against moral intuitionism, which eventually led to the weakening of this approach in the second part of the 20th century. The objections are as follows: queerness argument of moral facts and the faculty of moral intuition, the subjectivity argument, dogmatism objection, arbitrariness objection, and moral disagreement objection.

Chapters two to six contain critical analysis of modern defenses of moral intuitionism (so-called new intuitionism) formulated by such authors as Robert Audi, Michael Huemer,  Timothy Chappell, Sabine Roeser, James Sias. The formulations they offer, to a large extent, avoid the objections listed above; however, new objections dedicated to them are formulated. Chapter six offers a trial to integrate the presented versions of new intuitionism in such a way as to minimize their flaws and combine their strengths. Thus the work defends the claim that moral intuitions can justify our moral beliefs and play a role of a reliable starting point for moral cognition.

Along the lines of new intuitionism, the author admits the fallibility of moral intuitions. This leads to the necessity of offering a way to enhance our moral cognition. It encompasses the method of reflective equilibrium and perfecting epistemic virtues. This task is realized in the final, seventh chapter.

Author Biography

Artur Szutta, Uniwersytet Gdański

Professor of Philosophy at University of Gdańsk, Poland. His areas of interest are metaethics, ethics, and social philosophy. Among his publications worth mentioning are: Civil Disobedience. Conceptual Analysis (Wydawnictwo Naukowe Semper, Warszawa 2011), a series of articles on the method of reflective equilibrium („Diametros” 35, 36, 37, 2013), and the papers: Authentic Civic Attitude: A Personalist Perspective („American Catholic Philosophical Quraterly” 86, 2012); Moral Intuitions, Disagreement, and the Consensus Condition (“International Philosophical Quarterly” 57, 2017). E-mail: artur.szutta@filozofuj.eu

References

Alston W., Epistemiczne dezyderaty, tłum. R. Koszkało, „Filo-Sofija” 2014, nr 27, s. 87–110.

Armstrong D.M., A Materialist Theory of the Mind, London: Routledge, 1968.

Armstrong D.M., Is Introspective Knowledge Incorrigible?, „Philosophical Review” 1963, vol. 72, s. 417–432.

Armstrong D.M., The Mind-Body Problem, Boulder, CO: Westview, 1999.

Arystoteles, Etyka Nikomachejska, tłum. D. Gromska, Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, 2007.

Audi R., Belief, Justification and Knowledge. An Introduction to Epistemology, Belmont: Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1988.

Audi R., Action, Intention, and Reason, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1993.

Audi R., Ethical Reflectionism, „Monist” 1993, vol. 76, s. 295–315.

Audi R., Moral Knowledge and Ethical Character, New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.

Audi R., Epistemology: A Contemporary Introduction to the Theory of Knowledge, London: Routledge, 1998, 2002, 2010.

Audi R., Belief, Intention, and Reasons for Action [w:] Rationality and the Good: Critical Essays on the Ethics and Epistemology of Robert Audi, eds. M. Timmons, J. Greco, A.R. Mele, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007, s. 248–262.

Audi R., Intuition and Its Place in Ethics, „Journal of the American Philosophical Association” 2015, vol. 1, s. 57–77.

Audi R., Intuition, Inference, and Rational Disagreement, „Ethical Theory and Moral Practice” 2008, vol. 11, s. 475–492.

Audi R., Intuitions, Intuitionism, and Moral Judgment [w:] The New Intuitionism, ed. J. Graper-Hernandez, London: Continuum, 2011, s. 267–307.

Audi R., Intuitionism, Pluralism, and the Foundation of Ethics [w:] Foundations of Ethics. An Anthology, eds. R. Shafer-Landau, T. Cuneo, [b.m.], Wiley-Blackwell, 2007, s. 402–419.

Audi R., Intuition, Reflection, and Justification [w:] Rationality and the Good: Critical Essays on the Ethics and Epistemology of Robert Audi, eds. M. Timmons, J. Greco, A.R. Mele, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007, s. 201–221.

Audi R., Justifying Grounds, Justified Beliefs, and Rational Acceptance [w:] Rationality and the Good: Critical Essays on the Ethics and Epistemology of Robert Audi, eds. M. Timmons, J. Greco, A.R. Mele, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007, s. 222–247.

Audi R., Moral Perception, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2013.

Audi R., Moral Perception and Moral Knowledge, „Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society Supplementary” 2010, vol. 84, s. 79–97.

Audi R., Means, Ends, and Persons: Toward an Ethics of Conduct, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.

Audi R., Self-Evidence, „Philosophical Perspectives” 1999, vol. 13: Epistemology, s. 205–227.

Audi R., The Architecture of Reason: The Structure and Substance of Rationality, New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.

Audi R., The Good in the Right. A Theory of Intuition and Intrinsic Value, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005.

Audi R., The Structure of Justification, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.

Ayer A.J., The Language of Morals [w:] A.J. Ayer, Philosophical Essays, London: Macmillan, 1954, s. 231–247.

Balguy J., The Foundation of Moral Goodness [1728] [w:] British Moralists 1650–1800. Selected and Edited with Comparative Notes and Analytical Index, t. 1, ed. D.D. Raphael, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1969, s. 436–461.

Bates J., Reflective Equilibrium and Underdetermination in Epistemology, „Acta Analytica” 2004, vol. 19, s. 45–64.

Bealer G., A Priori Knowledge and the Scope of Philosophy, „Philosophical Studies” 1996, vol. 81, s. 121–142.

Bedke M., Ethical Intuitions: What They Are, What They Are Not, and How They Justify, „American Philosophical Quarterly” 2008, vol. 45, s. 253–269.

Blair R.J., Cognitive Developmental Approach to Morality: Investigating the Psychopath, „Cognition” 1995, vol. 57, s. 1–29.

Blum L., Moral Perception and Particularity, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.

Bolender J., A Two-Tiered Cognitive Architecture for Mental Reasoning, „Biology and Philosophy” 2001, vol. 16, s. 339–356.

Bolender J., The Genealogy of Moral Modules, „Minds and Machines” 2003, vol. 13, s. 333–355.

BonJour L., The Structure of Empirical Knowledge, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1985.

Bonevac D., Reflection without Equilibrium, „The Journal of Philosophy” 2004, vol. 101, s. 363–388.

Bonk T., Underdetermination. An Essay on Evidence and the Limits of Natural Knowledge, Dordrecht: Springer, 2008.

Brambrough R., Proof [w:] Ethical Theory. An Anthology, ed. R. Shafer-Landau, [b.m], Wiley-Blackwell, 2007, s. 103–110.

Brandt R.B., A Theory of the Good and the Right, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1979.

Brink D., Moral Realism and Foundations of Ethics, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1986.

British Moralists 1650–1800. Selected and Edited with Comparative Notes and Analytical Index, t. 1–2, ed. D.D. Raphael, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1969.

Broad C.D., Five Types of Ethical Theory, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1930.

Brogaard B., Phenomenal Seemings and Sensible Dogmatism [w:] Seemings and Justification. New Essays on Dogmatism and Phenomenal Conservatism, ed. C. Tucker, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013, s. 270–289.

Butler J., Fifteen Sermons Preached at the Rolls Chapel [1726] [w:] British Moralists 1650–1800. Selected and Edited with Comparative Notes and Analytical Index, t. 1, ed. D.D. Raphael, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1969, s. 429–435.

Butterworth J., Thwaites G., Thinking Skills. Critical Thinking and Problem Solving, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013.

Carlsmith K.M., Darley J.M., Robinson P.H., Why Do We Punish? Deterrence and Just Deserts as Motives for Punishment, „Journal of Personality and Social Psychology” 2002, vol. 83, s. 284–289.

Ciaramelli E., Muccioli M., Làdavas E., di Pellegrino G., Selective Deficit in Personal Moral Judgment Following Damage to Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex, „Social Cognitive Affective Neuroscience” 2007, vol. 2, s. 84–92.

Chappell T., Moral Perception, „Philosophy” 2008, vol. 83, s. 421–437.

Chisholm R.M., Teoria poznania, tłum. R. Ziemińska, Lublin: Daimonion 1994.

Chudnoff E., Moral Perception: High-Level Perception or Low-Level Intuition? [w:] Phenomenology of Thinking. Philosophical Investigations Into the Character of Cognitive Experiences, eds. T. Breyer, C. Gutland, New York: Routledge, 2016.

Claparède E., Emotions and Feelings [w:] Feelings and Emotions: The Wittenberg Symposium, ed. M.L. Reymert, Worcester: Clark University Press, 1928, s. 124–139.

Clarke S., A Discourse on Natural Religion [w:] British Moralists 1650–1800. Selected and Edited with Comparative Notes and Analytical Index, t. 1, ed. D.D. Raphael, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1969, s. 224–261.

Conee E., Seeming Evidence [w:] Seemings and Justification. New Essays on Dogmatism and Phenomenal Conservatism, ed. C. Tucker, Oxford, 2013, s. 52–68.

Coper A.A. (Shaftesbury), An Inquiry Concerning Virtue or Merit [1699] [w:] British Moralists 1650–1800. Selected and Edited with Comparative Notes and Analytical Index, t. 1, ed. D.D. Raphael, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1969, s. 195–223.

Cowan R., Intuitions, Perception and Emotion, Glasgow: University of Glasgow, 2012.

Cowan R., Perceptual Intuitionism, „Philosophy and Phenomenological Research” 2015, vol. 1, s. 164–193.

Cowie C., Good News for Moral Error Theorists. A Master Argument Against Companions in Guilt Strategies, „Australasian Journal of Philosophy” 2016, vol. 94, s. 115–130.

Crane T., Is Perception a Propositional Attitude?, „Philosophical Quarterly” 2009, vol. 69, s. 452–469.

Crisp R., Intuitionism and Disagreement [w:] Rationality and the Good: Critical Essays on the Ethics and Epistemology of Robert Audi, eds. M. Timmons, J. Greco, A.R. Mele, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007, s. 31–39.

Crisp R., Sidgwick i granice intuicjonizmu, tłum. P. Łuków, M. Michałowska, „Etyka” 2008, nr 41, s. 90–109.

Crisp R., Reasonable Disagreement: Sidgwick’s Principle and Audi’s Intuitionism [w:] The New Intuitionism, ed. J. Graper-Hernandez, London: Continuum, 2011, s. 241–265.

Cudworth R., A Treatise Concerning Eternal and Immutable Morality [1731] [w:] British Moralists 1650–1800. Selected and Edited with Comparative Notes and Analytical Index, t. 1, ed. D.D. Raphael, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1969, s. 119–135.

Cullison A., Moral Perception, „European Journal of Philosophy” 2010, vol. 18, s. 159–175.

Cullison A., What are Seemings?, „Ratio” 2010, vol. 23, s. 260–274.

Cullison A., Seemings and Semantics [w:] Seemings and Justification. New Essays on Dogmatism and Phenomenal Conservatism, ed. C. Tucker, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013, s. 33–51.

Cuneo T., Reidian Moral Perception, „Canadian Journal of Philosophy” 2003, vol. 33, s. 229–258.

Cushman F., Young L., Hauser M., The Role of Conscious Reasoning and Intuition in Moral Judgments: Testing Three Principles of Harm, „Psychological Science” 2006, vol. 17, s. 1082–1089.

Czeżowski T., Etyka jako nauka empiryczna, „Kwartalnik Filozoficzny” 1949, t. 18, s. 161–171.

Dalmiya V., Introspection [w:] A Companion to Epistemology, eds. J. Dancy, E. Sosa, M. Steup, Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010, s. 456–460.

Damasio A., Błąd Kartezjusza. Emocje, rozum i ludzki mózg, tłum. M. Karpiński, Poznań: Rebis, 2002.

Dancy J., Ethics without Principles, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2004.

Dancy J., Moral Perception, „Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society Supplementary” 2010, vol. 84, s. 99–117.

Dancy J., Moral Properties, „Mind” 1988, vol. 90, s. 367–385.

Dancy J., Organic Unities, „Ethics” 2003, vol. 113, s. 629–650.

Daniels N., Justice and Justification: Reflective Equilibrium in Theory and Practice, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.

Daniels N., Reflective Equilibrium [w:] Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 2016, dostęp online: <http://plato.stanford.edu> [data dostępu: 30.08.2018].

Daniels N., Reflective Equilibrium and Archimedean Points [w:] Daniels N., Justice and Justification: Reflective Equilibrium in Theory and Practice, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996, s. 47–65 (pierwotnie wydany [w:] „Canadian Journal of Philosophy” 1980, vol. 10, s. 83–103).

Daniels N., Wide Reflective Equilibrium and Theory Acceptance in Ethics [w:] Daniels N., Justice and Justification: Reflective Equilibrium in Theory and Practice, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996, s. 21–46 (pierwotnie wydany [w:] „Journal of Philosophy” 1979, vol. 76, s. 256–282).

Deonna J.A., Teroni F., Emotions. Philosophical Introduction, London: Routledge, 2012.

DePaul M.R., Balance and Refinement: Beyond Coherence Methods of Moral Inquiry, Florence, KY: Routledge, 1993.

DePaul M.R., Intuitions in Moral Inquiry [w:] Ethical Theory, ed. D. Copp, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006, s. 596–623.

DePaul M.R., Naivete and Corruption in Moral Inquiry, „Philosophy and Phenomenological Research” 1988, vol. 48, s. 691–635.

DePaul M.R., Phenomenal Conservatism and Self-Defeat, „Philosophy and Phenomenological Research” 2009, vol. 78, s. 205–212.

DePaul M.R., Two Conceptions of Coherence Methods in Ethics, „Mind” 1987, vol. 96, s. 463–481.

DePaul M.R., Why Bother with Reflective Equilibrium? [w:] Rethinking Intuition, ed. M.R. DePaul, W. Ramsey, New York: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 1998.

de Sousa R., The Rationality of Emotion, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1987.

Döring S.A., Seeing what to Do: Affective Perception and Rational Motivation, „Dialectica” 2007, vol. 61, s. 363–394.

Dretske F.I., Seeing and Knowing, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1969.

Dworkin R., The Original Position [w:] Reading Rawls. Critical Studies on Rawls’ “A Theory of Justice”, ed. N. Daniels, New York: Basic Books, 1989, s. 124–140.

Empiryk S., Zarysy pirrońskie, tłum. A. Krokiewicz, Warszawa: Akme, 1998.

Ethical Intuitionism: Re-Evaluations, ed. P. Stratton-Lake, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2002.

Fictionalism in Ethics, ed. M.E. Kalderon, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.

Fisher A., Metaethics. Introduction, Durham: Acumen, 2011.

Fridja N., The Laws of Emotion, Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum, 2007.

Freeman S., Rawls, London: Routledge, 2007.

Fumerton R., Knowledge, Thought, and the Case for Dualism, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013.

Ginet C., Deciding to Believe [w:] Knowledge, Truth, and Duty: Essays on Epistemic Justification, ed. M. Steup, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001, s. 63–76.

Goldman A.I., Simulating Minds, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.

Greco J., Putting Skeptics in Their Place: The Nature of Skeptical Arguments and Their Role in Philosophical Inquiry, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.

Greene J.D. i in., Cognitive Load Selectively Interferes with Utilitarian Moral Judgment, „Cognition” 2008, vol. 107, s. 1144–1154.

Greenspan P., Practical Guilt. Moral Dilemmas, Emotions, and Social Norms, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995.

Grice H.P., The Causal Theory of Perception, „Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society” 1961, supp. 35, s. 121–152.

Griffiths P.E., What Emotions Really Are: The Problem of Psychological Categories, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997.

Haidt J., Björklund F., Murphy S., Moral Dumbfounding: When Intuition Finds No Reason, „Lund Psychological Reports” 2000, vol 1.

Haidt J., The Emotional Dog and Its Rational Tail, „Psychology Review” 2001, vol. 108, s. 814–834.

Hare R.M., The Language of Morals, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1952.

Hare R.M., Sorting out Ethics, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997.

Hare R.M., Rawls’s Theory of Justice [w:] Reading Rawls. Critical Studies on Rawls’ “A Theory of Justice”, ed. N. Daniels, New York: Basic Books, 1989, s. 81–107.

Harman G., The Nature of Morality: An Introduction to Ethics, Cary: Oxford University Press, 1977.

Haslett W., What is Wrong with Reflective Equilibria?, „The Philosophical Quarterly” 1987, vol. 37, s. 305–311.

Hauser M., Young L., Cushman F., Reviving Rawls’ Linguistic Analogy: Operative Principles and the Causal Structure of Moral Action [w:] Moral Psychology, vol 2: The Cognitive Science of Morality, ed. W. Sinnott-Armstrong, Cambridge: The MIT Press, 2008, s. 107–143.

Hill J., Ethics of G.E. Moore: A New Interpretation, Amsterdam: Van Gorcum, 1976.

Hudson W.D., Ethical Intuitionism, New York: St Martin’s Press, 1967.

Huemer M., Skepticism and the Veil of Perception, New York: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, 2001.

Huemer M., Ethical Intuitionism, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005.

Huemer M., Compassionate Phenomenal Conservatism, „Philosophy and Phenomenology Research” 2007, vol. 79, s. 30–55.

Huemer M., Epistemological Egoism and Agent-Centered Norms [w:] Evidentialism and its Discontents, ed. T. Dougherty, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011, s. 17–33.

Huemer M., Phenomenal Conservatism Über Alles [w:] Seemings and Justification. New Essays on Dogmatism and Phenomenal Conservatism, ed. C. Tucker, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013, s. 328–350.

Hume D., Traktat o naturze ludzkiej, t. 2, tłum. C. Znamierowski, Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, 1963.

Humphreys J., The Story of Virtue. Universal Lessons on How to Live, Dublin: The Liffey Press, 2005.

Hurka T., Audi’s Marriage of Ross and Kant [w:] Rationality and the Good: Critical Essays on the Ethics and Epistemology of Robert Audi, eds. M. Timmons, J. Greco, A.R. Mele, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007, s. 64–72.

Hutcheson F., An Inquiry into the Original of Our Ideas of Beauty and Virtue, vol. 2: Concerning Moral Good and Evil [1725] [w:] British Moralists 1650–1800. Selected and Edited with Comparative Notes and Analytical Index, t. 1, ed. D.D. Raphael, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1969, s. 303–353.

Hutcheson F., An Essay on the Nature and Conduct of the Passions and Affections [1728] [w:] British Moralists 1650–1800. Selected and Edited with Comparative Notes and Analytical Index, t. 1, ed. D.D. Raphael, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1969, s. 354–373.

Intellectual Virtue. Perspectives from Ethics and Epistemology, eds. M.R. DePaul, L. Trinkaus Zagzebski, Oxford: Clarendon Press,

James W., What is an Emotion?, „Mind” 1884, vol. 9, s. 188–205.

Jaśtal J., Natura Cnoty, Kraków: Księgarnia Akademicka, 2009.

Joyce R., The Myth of Morality, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.

Judycki S., Introspekcja jako problem filozoficzny, „Roczniki Filozoficzne” 2002, t. 50, z. 1, s. 263–301.

Judycki S., Świadomość i pamięć. Uzasadnienie dualizmu antropologicznego, Lublin: Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL, 2004.

Kahneman D., Pułapki myślenia. O myśleniu szybkim i wolnym, tłum. P. Szymczak, Poznań: Media Rodzina, 2011.

Kahneman D., Shane F., A Model of Heuristic Judgment [w:] The Cambridge Handbook of Thinking and Reasoning, eds. K. Holyoak, R.G. Morrison, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005, s. 267–292.

Kahneman D. i in., Shared Outrage and Erratic Rewards: The Psychology of Punitive Damages, „Journal of Risk and Uncertainty” 1998, vol. 16, s. 49–86.

Kant I., Uzasadnienie metafizyki moralności, tłum. M. Wartenberg, Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, 1971.

Kaspar D., Intuitionism, London–New York: Bloomsbury, 2012.

Kąkol T., Kilka uwag w sprawie kryterium genetycznego w sporze o (nie tylko) aborcję, „Etyka Praktyczna” 2011, nr 2, s. 78–84.

Kelly E., Structure and Diversity. Studies in the Phenomenological Philosophy of Max Scheler, New York: Springer, 1997.

Kim J., Supervenience and the Mind. Selected Philosophical Essays, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.

Koenigs M. i in., Damage to the Prefrontal Cortex Increases Utilitarian Moral Judgments, „Nature” 2007, vol. 446, s. 908–911.

Kotarbiński T., Pisma etyczne, red. P.J. Smoczyński, Wrocław: Ossolineum, 1987.

Lillehammer H., Companions in Guilt. Arguments for Ethical Objectivity, London: Palgrave MacMillan, 2007.

Little M., Seeing and Caring: The Role of Affect in Feminist Moral Epistemology, „Hypatia” 1995, vol. 10, s. 117–137.

Locke J., Rozważania dotyczące rozumu ludzkiego, tłum. B.J. Gawecki, Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, 1975.

Lycan W.G., Phenomenal Conservatism and the Principle of Credulity [w:] Seemings and Justification. New Essays on Dogmatism and Phenomenal Conservatism, ed. C. Tucker, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013, s. 293–305.

Mackie J.L., Ethics: Inventing Right and Wrong, New York: Penguin, 1977.

Markie P., The Mystery of Direct Perceptual Justification, „Philosophical Studies” 2005, vol. 126, s. 347–373.

MacAdam J., Introduction [w:] H.A. Prichard, Moral Writings, ed. J. MacAdam, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.

McBrayer J., Moral Perception and the Causal Objection, „Ratio” (New Series) 2010, vol. 23, s. 291–307.

McBrayer J., A Limited Defense of Moral Perception, „Philosophical Studies” 2010, vol. 149, s. 305–320.

McDowell J., Mind, Value, and Reality, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998.

McGrath M., Phenomenal Conservatism and Cognitive Penetration: The “Bad Basis” Counterexamples [w:] Seemings and Justification. New Essays on Dogmatism and Phenomenal Conservatism, ed. C. Tucker, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013, s. 225–247.

Meinong A., On Emotional Representation, transl. by M.L. Schubert Kalsi, Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1972.

Mendez M.F., Anderson E., Shapira J.S., An Investigation of Moral Judgment in Frontotemporal Dementia, „Cognitive Behavioral Neurology” 2005, vol. 18, s. 193–197.

McGrath S., Moral Knowledge by Perception, „Philosophical Perspectives” 2004, vol. 18, s. 209–228.

Meyers D.G., Intuicja. Jej siła i słabość, tłum. A. Sosenko, Wrocław: Moderator, 2004.

Mikhail J., Aspects of a Theory of Moral Cognition: Investigating Intuitive Knowledge of the Prohibition of Intentional Battery and the Principle of Double Effect, 2002, dostęp online: [data dostępu: 30.08.2018].

Moore G.E., The Conception of Intrinsic Value [w:] tegoż, Principia Ethica, ed. T. Baldwin, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002, s. 285–286.

Moore G.E., Experience and Empiricism, „Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society. New Series” 1902–1903, vol. 3, s. 80–95.

Moore G.E., Principia Ethica, ed. T. Baldwin, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.

Moore G.E., Zasady etyki, tłum. C. Znamierowski, Warszawa: Wydawnictwo M. Arcta, 1919.

Nielsen K., Relativism and Wide Reflective Equilibrium, „Monist” 1993, vol. 76, s. 316–332.

Nolan D., Restall G., West C., Moral Fictionalism Versus the Rest, „Australasian Journal of Philosophy” 2005, vol. 83, s. 307–330.

Nussbaum M., Love’s Knowledge. Essays on Philosophy and Literature, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992.

Nussbaum M., The Therapy of Desire: Theory and Practice in Hellenistic Ethics, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994.

Pepper S.C., Ethics, New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1960.

Phillips D., Sidgwickian Ethics, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.

Price R., Review of the Principal Questions and Difficulties in Morals [1758] British Moralists, ed. L.A. Selby-Bigge, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1897, s. 584–713.

Prichard H.A., Does Moral Philosophy Rest on a Mistake?, „Mind” 1912, vol. 21, s. 21–37.

Prichard H.A., Moral Writings, ed. J. MacAdam, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.

Pritchard D., Epistemic Luck, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.

Prinz J., Gut Reactions. A Perceptual Theory of Emotions, New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.

Pryor J., The Sceptic and the Dogmatist, „Nous” 2000, vol. 34, s. 504–549.

Putnam H., The Meaning of “Meaning” [w:] tegoż, Philosophical Papers, t. 2: Mind Language and Reality, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975.

Quine W.V., On Empirically Equivalent Systems of the World, „Erkenntins” 1975, vol. 9, s. 313–328.

Rainbolt G.W., Dwyer S., Critical Thinking. The Art of Argument, Wadsworth: Cengage Learning 2012.

Railton P., The Affective Dog and Its Rational Tale: Intuition and Attunement, „Ethics” 2014, vol. 124, s. 813–859.

Rawls J., The Outline of a Decision Procedure for Ethics, „The Philosophical Review” 1951, vol. 60, s. 177–197, przedrukowany [w:] tegoż, Collected Papers, ed. S. Freeman, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2001.

Rawls J., Teoria sprawiedliwości, tłum. M. Panufnik, Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, 1993.

Rawls J., A Theory of Justice, Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press 1999.

Rawls J., Liberalizm polityczny, tłum. A. Romaniuk, Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, 1998.

Reale G., Historia filozofii starożytnej, t. 2, tłum. E.I. Zieliński, Lublin: RW KUL, 1996.

Roberts R., Emotions: An Essay in Aid of Moral Psychology, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.

Roberts R., Emotions in the Moral Life, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013.

Roberts R., What an Emotion Is: a Sketch, „Philosophical Review” 1988, vol. 56, s. 293–306.

Roeser S., Moral Emotions and Intuitions, London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.

Ross W.D., The Basis of Objective Judgements in Ethics, „International Journal of Ethics” 1927, vol. 37, s. 113–127.

Ross W.D., The Right and the Good [1930], ed. P. Stratton-Lake, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2002.

Ross W.D., Foundations of Ethics, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1939.

Russell B., The Problems of Philosophy [1912], ed. J. Perry. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997.

Rutkowski M., O kryterium genetycznym w sporze o aborcję raz jesz­cze. Odpowiedź na zarzuty, „Etyka Praktyczna” 2011, nr 2, s. 85–91.

Sanford D., Infinite Regress Arguments [w:] Principles of Philosophical Reasoning, ed. J.H. Fetzer, Totowa: Rowman and Allanheld 1984.

Sayre-McCord G., Coherentist Epistemology and Moral Theory [w:] Moral Knowledge? New Readings in Moral Epistemology, eds. W. Sinnott-Armstrong, W. Timmons, New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.

Scanlon T.M., Rawls on Justification [w:] The Cambridge Companion to Rawls, ed. S. Freeman, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003, s. 139–167.

Shafer-Landau R., Moral Realism: A Defence, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2003.

Scheler M., Formalism in Ethics and Non-Formal Ethics of Values, Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1973.

Scheler M., Istota i formy sympatii, tłum. A. Węgrzecki, Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, 1980.

Scheler M., Miłość i poznanie, tłum. M.M. Baranowska, „Kwartalnik Filozoficzny” 2000, t. 28, s. 171–195.

Scheler M., Resentyment a moralność, tłum. B. Baran, Warszawa: Aletheia, 2008.

Schnall S., Haidt J., Clore G., Jordan A., Disgust as Embodied Moral Judgment, „Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin” 2008, vol. 34, s. 1096–1109.

Shoemaker S., Self-Knowledge and “Inner Sense”. Lecture I: The Object Perception Model, „Philosophy and Phenomenological Research” 1994, vol. 54, s. 249–269.

Shoemaker S., Self-Knowledge and “Inner Sense”. Lecture II: The Broad Perceptual Model, „Philosophy and Phenomenological Research” 1994, vol. 54, s. 271–290.

Shoemaker S., Self-Knowledge and “Inner Sense”. Lecture III: The Phenomenal Character of Experience, „Philosophy and Phenomeno­logical Research” 1994, vol. 54, s. 291–314.

Sias J., Emotion, Virtue, and Moral Perception. A Defense of Moral Intuitionism, Chapel Hill: ProQuest, 2013.

Sidgwick H., The Methods of Ethics, London: Macmillan, 1907.

Sidgwick H., Appendix to the Preceding Essay [w:] tegoż, Lectures on the Philosophy of Kant and Other Philosophical Lectures, London: Macmillan, 1902.

Siegel S., Cognitive Penetrability and Perceptual Justification, „Nous” 2012, vol. 46, s. 201–222.

Siegel S., The Contents of Visual Experience, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.

Singer P., Ethics and Intuitions, „The Journal of Ethics” 2005, vol. 9, s. 331–352.

Sinnott-Armstrong W., Moral Skepticisms, New York: Oxford University Press, 2006.

Sinnott-Armstrong W., Moral Intuitionism Meets Empirical Psychology [w:] Metaethics After Moore, eds. T. Horgan, M. Timmons, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2006, s. 339–366.

Sinnott-Armstrong W., Reflections on Reflection in Robert Audi’s Moral Intuitionism [w:] Rationality and the Good: Critical Essays on the Ethics and Epistemology of Robert Audi, eds. M. Timmons, J. Greco, A.R. Mele, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007, s. 19–30.

Sinnott-Armstrong W., Epistemic Challenge to Moral Intuitionism [w:] The New Intuitionism, ed. J. Graper-Hernandez, London: Continuum, 2011, s. 37–62.

Sinnott-Armstrong W., Young L., Cushman F., Moral Intuitions [w:] The Moral Psychology Handbook, ed. J.M. Doris, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010, s. 246–272.

Skelton A., Sidgwick’s Philosophical Intuitions, „Etica & Politica” 2008, vol. 10, s. 185–209.

Smetana J., Understanding of Social Rules [w:] The Development of Social Cognition: The Child as Psychologist, ed. M. Bennett, New York: Guilford Press, 1993.

Smythe T.W., Evans T.G., Intuition as a Basic Source of Moral Knowledge, „Philosophia” 2007, vol. 35, s. 233–247.

Soldenhoff S., Słuszność i obowiązek w systemie etyki W.D. Rossa, „Etyka” 1966, nr 1, s. 221–265.

Solomon R.C., Emotions, Thoughts, and Feelings. Emotions as Engagements with the World [w:] Thinking about Feeling. Contemporary Philosophers on Emotions, ed. R. Solomon, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004, s. 76–88.

Solomon R.C., True to Our Feelings. What Our Emotions Are Really Telling Us, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.

Sterling G.C., Ethical Intuitionism and Its Critics, New York: Peter Lang, 1994.

Stokes D., Cognitive Penetrability of Perception, „Philosophy Compass” 2013, vol. 8, s. 646–663.

Stratton-Lake P., Rational Intuitionism [w:] The Oxford Handbook of the History of Ethics, ed. R. Crisp, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012, s. 335–357.

Stratton-Lake P., Intuitionism in Ethics [w:] Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, dostęp online: <https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/intuitionism-ethics/>, first published on 14.12.2014 [data dostępu: 20.08.2018].

Stratton-Lake P., Intuition, Self-Evidence, and Understanding [w:] Oxford Studies in Metaethics, ed. R. Shafer-Landau, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016, s. 28–44.

Strawson P.F., Ethical Intuitionism, „Philosophy” 1944, vol. 24, s. 23–33.

Styczeń T., Problem możliwości etyki jako empirycznie uprawomocnionej i ogólnie ważnej teorii moralności. Studium metaetyczne, Lublin: Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL, 1972.

Sunstein C., Moral Heuristics, „Behavioral and Brain Science” 2005, vol. 28, s. 531–573.

Szawarski Z., Etyka George’a Edwarda Moore’a [w:] G.E. Moore, Etyka, tłum. Z. Szawarski, Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, 1980, s. XVI-XXI.

Szubka T., Filozofia analityczna. Koncepcje, metody, ograniczenia, Wrocław: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego, 2009.

Szutta A., Metoda refleksyjnej równowagi. Część I: prezentacja metody, „Diametros” 2013, nr 35, s. 129–149.

Szutta A., Metoda refleksyjnej równowagi. Część II: Zarzut błędnego koła i problem wiarygodności rozważnych sądów moralnych, „Diametros” 2013, nr 36, s. 122–146.

Szutta A., Metoda refleksyjnej równowagi. Część III: Problem niezgody moralnej, relatywizm i niedookreśloność metody, „Diametros” 2013, nr 37, s. 146–168.

Szutta A., Podmiot moralny, moralne intuicje a heurystyki [w:] W poszukiwaniu moralnego charakteru, red. N. Szutta, A. Szutta, Lublin: Wydawnictwo Academicon, 2015, s. 217–252.

Szutta A., Intuicje moralne w ujęciu Roberta Audiego, „Filo-Sofija” 2014, nr 27, s. 29–52.

Szutta A., Moral Intuitions, Disagreement, and the Consensus Condition, „International Philosophical Quarterly” 2017, vol. 57, s. 5–18.

Szutta N., Współczesna etyka cnót, Gdańsk: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego, 2007.

Szutta N., Czy istnieje coś, co zwiemy moralnym charakterem i cnotą, Lublin: Wydawnictwo Academicon, 2017.

Tatarkiewicz W., O bezwzględności dobra [w:] tegoż, Dobro i oczywistość, Lublin 1989.

Tersman F., Moral Disagreement, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.

The New Intuitionism, ed. J. Graper-Hernandez, London: Continu­um, 2011.

Rationality and the Good: Critical Essays on the Ethics and Epistemology of Robert Audi, eds. M. Timmons, J. Greco, A.R. Mele, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.

Tomasz z Akwinu, Suma teologiczna, cz. 1–2.

Tooley M., Michael Huemer and the Principle of Phenomenal Conservatism [w:] Seemings and Justification. New Essays on Dogmatism and Phenomenal Conservatism, ed. C. Tucker, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013, s. 306–327.

Torhurst W., On the Epistemic Value of Moral Knowledge, „Southern Journal of Philosophy” 1990, vol. 29, s. 67–87.

Totten S., Parsons W.S., Charny I.W., Century of Genocide, New York: Routledge, 2009.

Tucker C., Why Open-Minded People Should Endorse Dogmatism, „Philosophical Perspectives” 2010, vol. 24, s. 529–545.

Tucker C., Seemings and Justification: An Introduction [w:] Seemings and Justification. New Essays on Dogmatism and Phenomenal Conservatism, ed. C. Tucker, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013, s. 1–29.

Valdesolo P., DeSteno D., Manipulations of Emotional Context Shape Moral Judgments, „Psychological Science” 2006, vol. 17, s. 476–477.

Väyrynen P., Doubts about Moral Perception [w:] Evaluative Perception, eds. A. Bergqvist, R. Cowan, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016.

Väyrynen P., Some Good and Bad News for Ethical Intuitionism, „The Philosophical Quarterly” 2008, vol. 58, s. 489–511.

van Invagen P., Zawsze, wszędzie i bez względu na osobę niesłusznie jest żywić przekonania oparte na niedostatecznym świadectwie,

tłum. J.K. Teske, „Roczniki Filozoficzne” 57(2009), s. 173–192.

Virtue Epistemology. Essays in Epistemic Virtue and Responsibility, eds. A. Fairweather, L. Trinkaus Zagzebski, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.

Vogler C., Accounting for Duties [w:] Rationality and the Good: Critical Essays on the Ethics and Epistemology of Robert Audi, eds. M. Timmons, J. Greco, A.R. Mele, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007, s. 73–82.

Warnock G., Contemporary Moral Philosophy, London: Macmillan, 1969.

Werner P., Moral Perception and the Contents of Experience, „Journal of Moral Philosophy” 2016, vol. 13, s. 294–317.

Wheatley T., Haidt J., Hypnotically Induced Disgust Makes Moral Judgments More Severe, „Psychological Science” 2005, vol. 16, s. 780–784.

Williams B., Deciding to Believe [w:] Language, Belief, Metaphysics, eds. H.E. Kiefer, M.K. Munitz, Albany: SUNY Press, 1970, s. 95–111.

Williamson T., Philosophy of Philosophy, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2007.

Young L., Bechara A., Tranel D., Damasio H., Hauser M., Damasio A., Damage to Prefrontal Cortex Impairs Judgment of Harmful Intent, „Neuron” 2010, vol. 65, s. 845–851.

Zagzebski Trinkaus L., Emotion and Moral Judgment, „Philosophy and Phenomenological Research” 2003, vol. 66, s. 104–124.

Zagzebski Trinkaus L., Virtues of the Mind: An Inquiry into the Nature of Virtue and the Ethical Foundations of Knowledge, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.

Intuicje moralne

Published

December 15, 2018

Categories

Details about the available publication format: Ebook

Ebook

ISBN-13 (15)

978-83-62475-61-2

Last reissue date (16)

2021-03-22

Details about the available publication format: Książka drukowana

Książka drukowana

ISBN-13 (15)

978-83-62475-34-6

Date of first publication (11)

2018-12-15

Physical Dimensions

150mm x 240mm x 25mm